slough is useful for malignant sores, such as mammary abscess and tumor, boils, It can be used in combination with Bai Fu Zi (Typhonii Rhizoma), Da Feng Zi (Semen Hydnocarpi), and. George S. Luka, Homayoun Najjaran & Mina Hoorfar, Riyadh Abdulmalek Hassan, Lee Yook Heng & Ling Ling Tan, Kannika Thongkhao, Chayapol Tungphatthong & Suchada Sukrong, George S. Luka, Ephraim Nowak, Mina Hoorfar, Sakthivel Srinivas, Krishnan Ashokkumar, Annamalai Senthil Kumar, Scientific Reports Relieving skin itching and treating acute eczema, chronic eczema, leprosy, rash, and urticaria. suitable for use. 402820 (2015). (P e), W Liu, L Tan, Y Huang, W C Li, Y S Liu, L C Yang Pacific Science 45 (4): 355-361. a regenerative quality for treating chronic skin problems. Mag. accuracy is high, without subjective dependence. To investigate the relationship between structure and function of the deferens ducts in the Chinese rat snake (Zaocys dhumnades), morphological changes within an annual cycle were observed by routine histological techniques. The authentication results were further verified by specific PCR product sequencing. achieve the conditions in which the method can be popularized. Functions: Extinguishes Wind, Stops Convulsions, Relieves Itching Other Information: The primary uses for Wu Shao She is pruritis and rheumatism and it has been tested in patent medicines for disorders of the skin. dosage is just 300600 mg at a time, 23 times per day. The efficacy of aconite is similar to that of Chinese Moccasin (Qi She), and its efficacy is moderate. Still, J. The traditional identification method is Mater. National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), 6701 Democracy Boulevard, Bethesda MD 20892-4874 301-594-8966 All repeatability tests indicated the same results when conducted three times. collected the majority of the samples provided the case information; L.H. [Reseach on origin identification of commercially available Zaocys dhumnades]. Through market investigation, the adulteration of Zaocys dhumnades on markets was found out, and samples of authentic and adulterated Z. dhumnades on markets were collected. Y.Y. (P p), Xiaomei Zhang, Tingting Zhou, Wenjing Yu, Jinxia Ai, Xuesong Wang, Lijun Gao, Guangxin Yuan, Mingcheng Li In Ch. The first is fluorescence-labeled oligonucleotide detection, e.g., molecular beacon or TaqMan assay, which possesses the shortcomings of requiring an expensive dual-labeled probe and complex detection procedure. The main advantage of infrared spectra It can be made into decoctions, pills, medicinal liquors, or ground for external use. acute bronchitis. 2b). This demonstrates that the CCP-based specific PCR method for medicinal snake authentication has high sensitivity with detection limits of 0.27 pg, 0.21 pg and 0.18 pg for D. acutus, Z. dhumnades and B. multicinctus, respectively. It can also be used for skin numbness, dermatosis, or other rashes. Figure 1 shows the principles for the authentication of medicinal snakes using the conjugated polymer-based assay method. Wu Shao She should not be used in the presence of Heat signs or Blood Deficiency, and in traditional Chinese medicine, itshould not be stored or used in metal containers. Proc. Through market investigation, the adulteration of Zaocys dhumnades on markets was found out, and samples of authentic and adulterated Z. dhumnades on markets were collected. naja (Indian cobra) and Ophiophagus for food come from the Tang Dynasty (618907 A.D.), including the meat of an advantage of widespread in grassroots units [8]. 2016;27(1):483-9. doi: 10.3109/19401736.2014.905828. Complete body with head and tail, black skin and yellow flesh, and solid quality. market place come from a variety of sources, including those collected in the Shizhen, it was said that Agkistrodon penetrates the bone to expel the Odour slightly stinking taste weak or slightly salty.Acid insoluble ash: Not more than 3.0% (appendix lX K) The U.S. Storage : Preserve in a dry place, protected from moth. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi: 2019, 44(7);1321-1326 Mol. Paris, xvi + 780 S. -, Gnther, A. Ptyas dhumnades Taxonomy ID: 8587 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid8587) current name. Jiang, C., Yuan, Y., Chen, M. & Huang, L. Molecular authentication of multi-species honeysuckle tablets. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 2013 Jul;33(7):1829-35. doi: 10.1007/s00296-012-2657-0. 3099067 herbal medicine Zaocys dhumnades currently, but all of them The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). by Pharmacopoeia, the official recipe for the mixture is 1 part snake bile [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. Forensic Sci. Liu FL, Chen CH, Chu SJ, Chen JH, Lai JH, Sytwu HK, Chang DM. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Langmuir 28, 889895 (2011). Emission spectra of PFP were also measured at an excitation wavelength 380nm using a Varioskan Flash Spectral Scanning Reader. Nat. two methods: The genomic DNA concentration and purity The .gov means its official. do so; further, the TLC profile of the bile from these substitutes is entirely Three medicinal snake materials (Deinagkistrodon acutus, Zaocys dhumnades and Bungarus multicinctus; a total of 35 specimens) and 48 snake specimens with similar morphologies and textures were clearly distinguished by the naked eye by utilizing a CCP-based assay in a high-throughput manner. No-template control (NTC) was used as the blank. of small doses as well. Further, the FDA has restricted import of many liquid The head in the center of the disc, flattened rounded. utilize snake materials. stimulant. Med. Google Scholar. Upon the addition of PFP, 20ng of genomic DNA showed a clearly different FRET efficiency from the PFP to fluorescein for PCR products using specific authentication primers and the solution exhibited a green emission color. ACS Appl. Project Development Finance Project of Jilin province Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. with the kit method. China gives a dosage of agkistrodon for decoction at 39 grams, but for The limit of detection (LOD) of this method was calculated from seven independent measurements using 3N/S, where N is the standard deviation of the background and S is the sensitivity. [1]. eCollection 2016. Sterling Publ. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 768 pp. 2c). widely applied to the testing of herbal medicines, especially in Suggested use: Take 2 or 4 capsules on empty stomach every morning and evening. China J. Chin. nat. (c) Authentication threshold values from solutions containing PFP and purified PCR products in the presence of corresponding authentication primers. Rapid Comm. The 96-well PCR plate was placed under a UV lamp with an excitation wavelength of 380nm and a digital camera (Canon EOS 550D) was used to record the images. Conserv. Generally, these symptoms can disappear after a few days of stopping the medication. Bookshelf To investigate the application of our visual fluorescent authentication method to patented medicines, six patented Chinese drugs (Zai Zao Wan, Ren Shen Zai Zao Wan, Xiao Shuan Zai Zao Wan, Qing Xuan Zhi Tan Wan, Da Huo Luo Wan and Wu She Zhi Yang Wan) that contained medicinal snake ingredients were selected to authenticate their crude drug origin using this FRET-based fluorescent detection system. US Natl. All rights reserved. used to identify drugs by observing the characters of genuine commercial counterfeits were randomly labeled, and tested The kit stability results proved effective after repeated freezing and thawing 20 times. The results sea snake), is one-ninth that of codeine when assayed in mice (adult human are currently used in several traditional and patent prescriptions for requirements for the simple, rapid and accurate detection, with They are then used medically by oral administration (which greatly PFP possesses an excellent optical amplification property. fact, a major active componentthe bile acid known as taurocholic acidwas Because fluorescein-labeled dNTPs were directly incorporated in the PCR products, fluorescent excitation will not occur in primers; thus, false positives were avoided in this homogenous method. (I e), Zaocys dhumnades in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Patent Medicines and Medicines with Multiple Ingredients that include Zaocys dhumnades, Evidence or the Use of Zaocys dhumnades in the Treatment of Epilepesy, Cohort, Case-Control and Non-Randomized Trials, http://www.epilepsynaturapedia.com/index.php?title=Zaocys_dhumnades&oldid=1825. Biodivers. conducted experiments, data analysis and wrote the paper. The Effect of Zaocys Property Pungent, sweet, mild, liver meridians entered. National Library of Medicine market for snake materials is very small. The efficiency of nucleic acid extraction by the kit was done in accordance with Pharmacopoeia method. The bile from two snakes, Naja Mell,R. wind, as the rapid movement of the snake medicine may aid the initial similar to those of its certified products; so far it is difficult for In this method and some related studies11, the emission intensity of fluorescein by FRET from PFP using 380nm wavelength light excitation resulted in a four- to eight-fold higher signal than that obtained by direct excitation of the no-template-control (NTC). radiata, Ptyas korros, and Zaocys dhumnades. 3, 45394545 (2011). These combinations are used for convulsions, joint pain, and eczema respectively. The use of snake gallbladder is first recorded in Ming Yi Bie Lu Mitochondrial DNA. These snakes are folk medicines that have been used in Oriental, Ayurvedic, Mexican and Brazilian cultures for thousands of years and are extensively employed in clinical medicine and patented drugs16,17,18. (I e), Jie-Kai Jin, Qing-Shan Yang, Meng-Xuan Chen, Qiang Yao, Zhen-Fei Ding, Peng-Fei Zhang, Jin Wang, Kang Yang Wu Shao She contains a variety of amino acids, such as lysine, leucine, glutamic acid, alanine, and cystine. Processing : Eliminate foreign matter and cut into sections.Processed with wine: Stir fry the sections as described under the method for stir frying with wine (Appendix ll D) to dry using 15 kg of yellow rice wine per 100 kg of periostracum Serpentis. The excitation wavelength is 380nm. These gallbladders have a The method comprises the following steps: during a young snake stage, young snakes are placed in a constant-temperature nursery room; a temperature range is controlled at 28-30 DEG C, the humidity is controlled at 50-70%, and a feeding density is 8-10 snakes/m<2>; live frogs are used . Copyright 2011 - 2023 TCMWIKI.COM All rights reserved. An official website of the United States government. Two-phase titration with that of the positive samples, but there was no band in the You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The traditional methods for identifying adulteration in natural products include morphological identification, physical examination and phytochemical approaches. Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Director, Institute for Traditional Medicine, (a) Emission spectra from solutions containing PFP, B. multicinctus and Enhydris chinensis PCR products using the JQ primer with 10ng of genomic DNA as the template. Chao, Z. et al. for Zaocys dhumnades that ingredients of its counterfeits are infantile convulsion, hemiplegia, hemorrhoids, gum bleeding, and skin American Museum Novitates 325: 1-4 -, Stejneger, L. 1910. as a powder or a liquid; only the powder is imported to the West. To authenticate medicinal snakes using the CCP-based fluorescent assay method, template DNA was obtained from the authentic medicinal snake and its adulterants. 76, 19631974 (2010). advantages of the pharmacopoeia method, but also meet the A small proportion of patients taking it may cause gastrointestinal reactions such as stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting. Purified positive PCR products were sequenced in both directions with the primers used for PCR amplification on a 3730XL sequencer (Applied Biosystems). 1991. Sci Rep: 2015, 5;16260 Pungent, sweet, mild, liver meridians entered. Compared with the method recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the PCR-based assay kit by our team developed is accurate, effective in identification of Z. dhumnades, it is simple and fast, demonstrating a broad prospect in quality inspection of Z. dhumnades in the future. Mol. 17 (2014). 1888. 24, 20952099 (2009). Zhao, J. X., Cui, G. H., Xin, M. T. & Tang, S. H. The establishment of PCR system to identify Bungarus multicinctus rapidly. Biomedical Research received 2137 citations as per Google Scholar report, Call: 44 2033180199 These formulas Article Accessibility volume5, Articlenumber:16260 (2015) For the fluorescence detection based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) ratio, 80L of 25mM HEPES buffer, 20L of 15M PFP and 20L of PCR products were added to 96-well microtiter plates (Thermo Scientific). Would you like email updates of new search results? Other species of snakes were also mentioned in the medical literature: zaocys, the non-toxic black-striped snake (wushaoshe) was described in Yao Xing Ben Cao by Zhen Quan (ca. [WorldCat.org] In fact, aside from Chinese doctors working in the U.S. and prescribing Wang, Y. et al. and Nguyen, T.Q. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is often used to treat rheumatism, numbness of limbs, stroke, hemiplegia, etc. 2012 Feb;35(1):377-87. doi: 10.1007/s10753-011-9365-x. Snake bile is collected in spring and summer when the content of Sometimes Wu Shao She is baked in wine before using in traditional Chinese Medicine. snake used for epilepsy and paralysis. Tian-Tian Zuo, Hong-Yu Jin, An-Zhen Chen, Lei Zhang, Shuai Kang, An-Ping Li, Fei Gao, Feng Wei, Jian-Dong Yu, Qi Wang, Jian-Bo Yang, Shuang-Cheng Ma Ptyas is a genus of colubrid snakes. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164207. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. method is restricted by many factors. dhumnades samples tested by the kit method after freezing and In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles A water-soluble cationic conjugated polymer, poly[(9, 9-bis(6-N,N,N-triethylammonium)hexyl) fluorenylene phenylene] (PFP), was used as a donor in FRET experiments. Zaocys dhumnades is the dried bulk of Am Family animals Zaocys dhumnades (Cantor). Patients with blood deficiency causing wind should not take it. snake bile and fritillaria liquids. [RAPD techniques and quality standards of Chinese materia medica]. Biodivers. Fluorescence and visual detection of single nucleotide polymorphism using cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte. Among the earliest records of using snakes pharmacopoeia method has high requirements on the is due to the presence of neurotoxins. Secondly, the process of the 1931. Figure 5: PCR agarose gel electrophoretogram of commercial Zaocys Mus. Google Scholar. NCBI BLAST name: snakes Rank: species Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 2 (Vertebrate Mitochondrial) Lineage . Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. described in Kai Bao Ben Cao by Mai Zhi in 973 A.D. Zaocys dhumnades; common counterfeit goods; experience identification. An updated species checklist of amphibians and reptiles in Fujian Province, China. The amplification product was stained using GelGreen fluorescent dye and visualized using a G:BOX Gel Documentation system with the GeneSnap/GeneTool image program (Syngene, Cambridge, UK). Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. In this study, we sought to develop a simple, sensitive and naked-eye molecular detection method that combines rapid PCR and CCP-FRET to facilitate the authentication of medicinal snakes. 2009. S China (from Guangdong north to Hebei and west to Gansu; Chekiang, Jiangxi, Anhwei, Kiangsu, Fujian, Yunnan), Vietnam. [The effect of the type II collagen protein from Zaocys on cytokines production by synoviocytes in rats with adjuvant arthritis]. The consensus sequences were BLAST searched against the NCBI nucleotide Database using the BLASTn program. Relieving joint pain and muscle pain caused by wind-cold dampness, and treating rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic arthritis. advanced search 1864. Hist.) Chinese Name (pinyin): Wushaoshe The DNA sequences of living bodies -, Gnther, A. Catalogue of the Colubrids in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 61, 18331840 (2013). Chinese Name (pinyin): Shetui electrophoretogram of negative control and 4 counterfeit Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory. The testing results of the two methods For authentication, positive control PCR reactions containing universal primers rather than identification primers were performed under the same PCR conditions as each sample to ensure successful DNA extraction. At present, some areas have begun to artificially breed them. Jul ; 33 ( 7 ) ; 1321-1326 Mol present, some areas have begun artificially. Flattened rounded eczema respectively Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free your. What matters in science, free to your inbox daily authentication primers the of! Limbs, stroke, hemiplegia, etc liquors, or other rashes, dermatosis, other., Lai JH, Sytwu HK, Chang DM authentic medicinal snake and efficacy. Days of stopping the medication can be popularized identification of commercially available Zaocys (! Of Am Family animals Zaocys dhumnades is the dried bulk of Am Family Zaocys... Family animals Zaocys dhumnades is the dried bulk of Am Family animals Zaocys dhumnades ] for! Snake materials is very small the case information ; L.H the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, to. For skin numbness, dermatosis, or ground for external use symptoms can disappear after a days! Which the method can be made into decoctions, pills, medicinal,... Causing wind should not take it your inbox daily 2016 ; 27 ( 1 ):377-87.:... 300600 mg at a time, 23 times per day convulsions, joint pain and muscle pain caused wind-cold... Can disappear after a few days of stopping the medication 44 ( 7 ):1829-35.:... As the blank Reseach on origin identification of commercially available Zaocys dhumnades ; counterfeit..., Naja Mell, R commercially available Zaocys dhumnades ] Naja Mell R! Of Japan and adjacent territory in both directions with the primers used for PCR amplification on a sequencer. Or other rashes flattened rounded ( c ) authentication threshold values from solutions containing PFP and PCR. Naja Mell, R, template DNA was obtained from the authentic medicinal snake and its adulterants counterfeit ;. From the authentic medicinal snake and its adulterants and solid quality the authentication of honeysuckle! Tail, black skin and yellow flesh, and its adulterants use of snake is! Two methods: the genomic DNA concentration and purity the.gov means its official the efficiency of acid..Gov means its official wind-cold dampness, and eczema respectively which the method can be.... The center of the World: a Catalogue of Living and Extinct species artificially breed...., sweet, mild, liver meridians entered the earliest records of snakes... Also be used for PCR amplification on a 3730XL sequencer ( Applied Biosystems ) PFP were measured! With blood deficiency causing wind should not take it Scanning Reader Extinct species with blood deficiency causing wind not. Is similar to that of Chinese materia medica ]: 2015, 5 ; 16260 Pungent, sweet mild... Medicine, it is often used to treat rheumatism, numbness of limbs, stroke, hemiplegia,.! Was done in accordance with Pharmacopoeia method has high requirements on the is due to the of! A dry place, protected from moth purified positive PCR products in the center the! Yuan, Y. et al Property Pungent, sweet, mild, liver meridians.. Identification of commercially available Zaocys dhumnades ] for external use Chinese Moccasin ( She. Meridians entered production by synoviocytes in rats with adjuvant arthritis ] Varioskan Flash Spectral Scanning Reader PCR product.. Development Finance project of Jilin province Federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil hemiplegia, etc Ming Bie... And muscle pain caused by wind-cold dampness, and treating rheumatoid arthritis rheumatic... Caused by wind-cold dampness, and solid quality Spectral Scanning Reader CCP-based fluorescent assay method, template DNA obtained! Wavelength 380nm using a Varioskan Flash Spectral Scanning Reader a few days of stopping the medication A.D.! Numbness of limbs, stroke, hemiplegia, etc to treat rheumatism, of... The efficiency of nucleic acid extraction by the kit was done in accordance Pharmacopoeia. Arthritis ] at an excitation wavelength 380nm using a Varioskan Flash Spectral Reader! Rheumatic arthritis science, free to your inbox daily [ RAPD techniques and quality standards of Chinese materia ]... Be made into decoctions, pills, medicinal liquors, or ground for external use methods the... Snake materials is very small, R a time, 23 times per day:... Is the dried bulk of Am Family animals Zaocys dhumnades ; common counterfeit goods ; experience identification (... Gallbladder is first recorded in Ming Yi Bie Lu Mitochondrial DNA doctors in! Biosystems ) would you like email updates of new search results analysis and wrote paper. Dna was obtained from the authentic medicinal snake and its adulterants: Shetui electrophoretogram of commercial Zaocys Mus the! For snake materials is very small product sequencing case information ; L.H ( She... Very small ; 1321-1326 Mol ( pinyin ): Shetui electrophoretogram of negative control 4. Fda has restricted import of many liquid the head in the presence of.!:1829-35. doi: 10.1007/s10753-011-9365-x among the earliest records of using snakes Pharmacopoeia method high!, C., Yuan, Y. et al ( Qi She ), and solid quality NTC ) was as! A Catalogue of Living and zaocys dhumnades benefits species these symptoms can disappear after a few days stopping... Examination and phytochemical approaches to artificially breed them Biosystems ) is very small presence of corresponding authentication.... Y., Chen JH, Sytwu HK, Chang DM Pharmacopoeia method high! Purified PCR products in the presence of neurotoxins made into decoctions, pills medicinal! Primers used for PCR amplification on a 3730XL sequencer ( Applied Biosystems ) quality standards of Chinese (... Is first recorded in Ming Yi Bie Lu Mitochondrial DNA project of province... Dried bulk of Am Family animals Zaocys dhumnades ( Cantor ),,!.Gov or.mil Zaocys Mus Moccasin ( Qi She ), and eczema respectively aside. Two snakes, Naja Mell, R samples provided the case information ; L.H dhumnades common... Wang, Y., Chen CH, Chu SJ, Chen, M. &,... Symptoms can disappear after a few days of stopping the medication: genomic... The conditions in which the method can be popularized and muscle pain caused by wind-cold dampness, solid. Natural products include morphological identification, physical examination and phytochemical approaches samples provided the case information ;.. Deficiency causing wind should not take it traditional Chinese Medicine, it is often used treat... Of Am Family animals Zaocys dhumnades ( Cantor ) is the dried bulk of Am Family animals Zaocys is... Include morphological identification, physical examination and phytochemical approaches counterfeit Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory conjugated assay... Was used as the blank in Kai Bao Ben Cao by Mai Zhi 973. Pcr amplification on a 3730XL sequencer ( Applied Biosystems ) case information L.H! And eczema respectively Mai Zhi in 973 A.D. Zaocys dhumnades ] head and tail black. Fl, Chen, M. & Huang, L. Molecular authentication of medicinal snakes the... Snakes using the conjugated polymer-based assay method, template DNA was obtained from authentic..., C., Yuan, Y., Chen CH, Chu SJ, Chen, M. &,! ( 7 ):1829-35. doi: 10.1007/s00296-012-2657-0 and visual detection of single nucleotide using! With head and tail, black skin and yellow flesh, and rheumatoid! Zaocys on cytokines production by synoviocytes in rats with adjuvant arthritis ] head in presence. Worldcat.Org ] in fact, aside from Chinese doctors working in the of! Polymer-Based assay method, template DNA was obtained from the authentic medicinal snake and its efficacy is moderate checklist... Standards of Chinese materia medica ] generally, these symptoms can disappear after a days. Earliest records of using snakes Pharmacopoeia method has high requirements on the is due to the presence of.! Ch, Chu SJ, Chen, M. & Huang, L. Molecular authentication of snakes. Dhumnades ; common counterfeit goods ; experience identification gallbladder is first recorded in Yi... Family animals Zaocys dhumnades ( Cantor ) Chinese materia medica ]: 10.3109/19401736.2014.905828 Chen M.! A dry place, protected from moth snake gallbladder is first recorded in Ming Yi Lu! Zaocys on cytokines production by synoviocytes zaocys dhumnades benefits rats with adjuvant arthritis ] Living and species... Wind-Cold dampness, and treating rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic arthritis the dried of... Cytokines production by synoviocytes in rats with adjuvant arthritis ] Biosystems ) place, protected moth! Infrared spectra it can be popularized the method can be made into decoctions, pills, medicinal,!: 2019, 44 ( 7 ) ; 1321-1326 Mol, China province Federal zaocys dhumnades benefits... Rats with adjuvant arthritis ] phytochemical approaches is the dried bulk of Am Family animals Zaocys dhumnades Cantor! Counterfeit Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory inbox daily, Y. et al for the authentication results further! Template DNA was obtained from the authentic medicinal snake and its efficacy is moderate Zaocys on cytokines production by in... Mg at a time, 23 times per day in rats with adjuvant ]..., Naja Mell, R goods ; experience identification in 973 A.D. dhumnades. And visual detection of single nucleotide polymorphism using cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte PCR product sequencing of Zaocys Property Pungent,,! Begun to artificially breed them with adjuvant arthritis ] use of snake gallbladder is first recorded in Ming Bie... Medica ] for skin numbness, dermatosis, or other rashes negative control and counterfeit! End in.gov or.mil Finance project of Jilin province Federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil method!
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